DBMS A database management system is the software system that allows users to define, create and maintain a database and provides controlled access to the data.
A Database Management System (DBMS) is basically a collection of programs that enables users to store, modify, and extract information
from a database as per the requirements. DBMS is an intermediate layer
between programs and the data. Programs access the DBMS, which then
accesses the data. There are different types of DBMS ranging from small
systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are main examples of database applications:
The
entity set which does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary
key is called as Weak entity set. An entity set that has a primary key
is called as Strong entity set. Consider an entity set Payment which has
three attributes: payment_number, payment_date and payment_amount.
Although each payment entity is distinct but payment for different loans
may share the same payment number. Thus, this entity set does not have a
primary key and it is an entity set. Each weak set must be a part of
one-to-many relationship set.
A typical structure of a DBMS
with its components and relationships between them is show. The DBMS
software is partitioned into several modules. Each module or component
is assigned a specific operation to perform. Some of the functions of
the DBMS are supported by operating systems
(OS) to provide basic services and DBMS is built on top of it. The
physical data and system catalog are stored on a physical disk. Access
to the disk is controlled primarily by as, which schedules disk
input/output. Therefore, while designing a DBMS its interface with the
as must be taken into account.
Normalization
is the process of removing redundant data from your tables in order to
improve storage efficiency, data integrity and scalability. This
improvement is balanced against an increase in complexity and potential
performance losses from the joining of the normalized tables at
query-time. There are two goals of the normalization process:
eliminating redundant data (for example, storing the same data in more
than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing
related data in a table). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce
the amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is logically stored.
A
model is a representation of reality, 'real world' objects and events,
associations. It is an abstraction that concentrates on the essential,
inherent aspects an organization and ignores the accidental properties. A
data model represents the organization itself. It should provide the
basic concepts and notations that will allow database designers and end users unambiguously and accurately to communicate their understanding of the organizational data.
File
processing systems was an early attempt to computerize the manual
filing system that we are all familiar with. A file system is a method
for storing and organizing computer
files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access
them. File systems may use a storage device such as a hard disk or
CD-ROM and involve maintaining the physical location of the files.
There are four basic components of Database Management System:
(i) Data: Raw facts which we want to feed in the computer.
(ii) Hardware: On which the data to be processed.
(iii) Software: The interface between the hardware and user, by which the data will change into the information.
(iv) User: There are so many types of users some of them are application programmer, end case users and DBA.
There are two techniques used for the purpose of data base designing from the system requirements. These are:
• Top down Approach known as Entity-Relationship Modeling
• Bottom Up approach known as Normalization.
A DBMS must provide appropriate languages and interfaces for each category of users to express database queries and updates. Database Languages are used to create and maintain database on computer. There are large numbers of database languages like Oracle, MySQL,
MS Access, dBase, FoxPro etc. SQL statements commonly used in Oracle
and MS Access can be categorized as data definition language (DDL), data
control language (DCL) and data manipulation language (DML).
A functional dependency is an association between two attributes of the same relational database table. One of the attributes is called the determinant and the other attribute is called the determined. For each value of the determinant there is associated one and only one value of the determined.
A
major objective for three-level architecture is to provide data
independence, which means that upper levels are unaffected by changes in
lower levels.
There are two kinds of data independence:
An early proposal for a standard terminology and general architecture for database systems was produced in 1971 by the DBTG (Data Base Task Group)
appointed by the Conference on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL,
1971). The DBTG recognized the need for a two level approach with a
system view called the schema and user views called subschema. The
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards Planning and
Requirements Committee (SPARC) produced a similar terminology mid
architecture in 1975 (ANSI 1975). ANSI-SPARC recognized the need for a
three level approach with a system catalog.
Relational
model stores data in the form of tables. This concept purposed by Dr.
E.F. Codd, a researcher of IBM in the year 1960s. The relational model
consists of three major components:
In
order to remove all limitations of the File Based Approach, a new
approach was required that must be more effective known as Database
approach
The Database is a shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization. A database is a computer
based record keeping system whose over all purpose is to record and
maintains information. The database is a single, large repository of
data, which can be used simultaneously by many departments and users.
Instead of disconnected files with redundant data, all data items are
integrated with a minimum amount of duplication.
The
Network model replaces the hierarchical tree with a graph thus allowing
more general connections among the nodes. The main difference of the
network model from the hierarchical model, is its ability to handle many
to many (N:N) relations. In other words, it allows a record to have
more than one parent. Suppose an employee works for two departments. The
strict hierarchical arrangement is not possible here and the tree
becomes a more generalized graph - a network. The network model was
evolved to specifically handle non-hierarchical relationships. As shown
below data can belong to more than one parent. Note that there are
lateral connections as well as top-down connections. A network structure
thus allows 1:1 (one: one), l: M (one: many), M: M (many: many)
relationships among entities.
SQL statements are divided into two major categories: data definition language (DDL) and data manipulation language (DML).
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples:
Database changes over time when information is inserted or deleted. The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is called an instance of the database. The overall design of the database is called the database schema.
The environment of database is said to be instance. A database instance or an ‘instance’ is made up of the background processes needed by the database software.
These processes usually include a process monitor, session monitor,
lock monitor, etc. They will vary from database vendor to database
vendor.
Relation schema:
A set of attributes is called a relation schema (or relation scheme). A
relation schema is also known as table schema (or table scheme). A
relation schema can be thought of as the basic information
describing a table or relation. It is the logical definition of a
table. Relation schema defines what the name of the table is. This
includes a set of column names, the data types associated with each column.
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